Consider the following subjects under the Constitution of India:

For a constitutional amendment with respect to which of the above, ratification by the Legislatures of not less than one-half of the States is required before presenting the Bill to the President of India for assent?

(a) I and II only

(b) II and III only

(c) I and III only

(d) I, II and III

Answer: (a) I and II only

Explanation:

Article 368 of the Constitution of India

1. Purpose: Article 368 of the Constitution lays down the procedure for the amendment of the Constitution, ensuring that changes are made through a structured and rigorous process.

2. Parliamentary Procedure: A Constitutional Amendment Bill must be passed in both Houses of Parliament by:

   • A majority of the total membership of the House, and

   • A two-thirds majority of members present and voting.

3. State Ratification: If the amendment affects the federal provisions of the Constitution, it must also be ratified by the legislatures of not less than one-half of the states by a simple majority.

4. Matters Requiring State Ratification: These include amendments that affect:

   • Specific Articles such as 54, 55, 73, 162, 241, and 279A

   • Chapter IV of Part V, Chapter V of Part VI, or Chapter I of Part XI

   • Any of the Lists in the Seventh Schedule (Union, State, or Concurrent Lists)

   • Representation of States in Parliament

   • Provisions of Article 368 itself

Conclusion: Article 368 ensures that amendments affecting both the Union and the States are made with widespread consensus, reflecting the federal structure of India.

Answer: (a) I and II only