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Political Parties form the bedrock of representative democracy in India. As vehicles for political expression, mobilization, and governance, Political Parties represent the collective will of the people and compete in elections to attain power. In India’s multi-party democratic system, the role of Political Parties is both constitutionally essential and practically dynamic.
Political Parties in India
The term Political Parties refers to organized groups of individuals who share common ideologies and seek to attain political power through constitutional means. In India, Political Parties can be national or state-level based on their electoral performance and geographical influence. They are regulated by the Election Commission under the Representation of the People Act, 1951, and are expected to follow democratic norms, transparency, and internal discipline.
Political Parties in India Overview
Political Parties in India operate under a parliamentary system, and they play a major role in forming governments, making laws, influencing policies, and representing various social groups. They are classified based on their recognition by the Election Commission into National and State parties.
Overview of Political Parties in India | |
| Category | Description |
| Total Registered Parties (2024) | Over 2,700 |
| National Parties | 6 (e.g., BJP, INC, CPI(M)) |
| State Parties | 60+ (e.g., TMC, BJD, DMK, AAP) |
| Legal Regulation | Representation of the People Act, 1951 |
| Regulatory Body | Election Commission of India |
Meaning and Features of Political Parties
Political Parties are essential organizations in a democracy that provide a platform for citizens to participate in public affairs. The primary aim of Political Parties is to contest elections, form governments, and implement their agenda through public support. Features of Political Parties include:
- Common political ideology or policy goals
- Organized structure and leadership
- Electoral participation through candidates
- Attempt to influence public opinion and policy
- Accountability to voters through democratic means
Types of Political Parties in India
India’s democratic framework allows for a wide range of Political Parties, which are broadly categorized based on their scope of influence and official recognition.
| Types of Political Parties in India | ||
| Type | Criteria for Recognition | Examples |
| National Parties | Recognized in 4+ states, 6%+ vote in 4+ states, or 2% Lok Sabha seats | BJP, INC, CPI(M) |
| State Parties | 6%+ vote and 2+ seats in one state, or specific local performance | DMK, BJD, TMC, AAP |
| Registered Unrecognized | Registered with EC but don’t meet recognition criteria | Local or issue-based parties |
What is a National Party in India?
A National Party is a political party that fulfills the conditions prescribed under the Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968 issued by the Election Commission of India.
Key Criteria Include:
- Minimum vote share in Lok Sabha or State Assembly elections
- Winning a specified number of seats in Parliament
- Recognition as a State Party in multiple states
Benefits of National Party Status:
- Common election symbol across India
- Free airtime on Doordarshan and AIR during elections
- Priority in allotment of land and offices
- Greater political visibility and recognition
List of National Parties in India
As per the latest notification of the Election Commission of India, the following six parties enjoy National Party status:
1. Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
The Bharatiya Janata Party is the largest political party in India and one of the most influential political organizations in the world. It was founded in 1980 and follows the ideology of nationalism and integral humanism.
- Founded in 1980
- Political ideology: Nationalism, cultural conservatism, development-oriented governance
- Election symbol: Lotus
- Originated from Bharatiya Jana Sangh
- Strong grassroots organization through RSS network
- Dominant ruling party at the Centre since 2014
- Focus on infrastructure, digital governance, national security, and welfare schemes
The BJP has significantly reshaped Indian politics through strong leadership, welfare-driven governance, and electoral expansion across regions.
2. Indian National Congress (INC)
The Indian National Congress is the oldest political party in India, established in 1885, and played a historic role in the freedom movement.
- Founded: 1885
- Ideology: Secularism, social democracy, liberalism
- Election symbol: Hand
- Led India during independence and early nation-building years
- Strong emphasis on welfare, inclusiveness, and constitutional values
- Presence in multiple states despite recent electoral decline
- The INC remains a major national opposition party and continues to influence Indian political discourse.
3. Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)
The Bahujan Samaj Party was established to give political voice to the marginalized and backward sections of society.
- Founded: 1984
- Founder: Kanshi Ram
- Ideology: Social justice, Ambedkarite thought
- Election symbol: Elephant
- Strong base in Uttar Pradesh
- Focus on Dalit empowerment and social equality
- Played key roles in coalition governments
The BSP emphasizes political representation and social empowerment of weaker sections.
4. Communist Party of India (Marxist) – CPI(M)
The CPI(M) is a major left-wing party that follows Marxist ideology and advocates class-based politics.
- Founded: 1964
- Ideology: Marxism, socialism, communism
- Election symbol: Hammer, Sickle and Star
- Strong presence in Kerala and Tripura
- Known for land reforms, labor rights, and welfare policies
- Strong influence in trade unions and farmer movements
The CPI(M) has significantly shaped India’s labour and agrarian policies.
5. Aam Aadmi Party (AAP)
The Aam Aadmi Party emerged from the India Against Corruption Movement and represents a new-age political ideology focused on governance reforms.
- Founded: 2012
- Founder: Arvind Kejriwal
- Ideology: Anti-corruption, transparency, good governance
- Election symbol: Broom
- Ruling party in Delhi and Punjab
- Focus on education, healthcare, electricity, and water reforms
- Promotes participatory governance
AAP is known for its performance-based governance model and urban policy reforms.
6. National People’s Party (NPP)
The National People’s Party is the first party from Northeast India to gain national party status.
- Founded: 2013
- Founder: P. A. Sangma
- Ideology: Federalism, regional development
- Election symbol: Book
- Strong base in Meghalaya and northeastern states
- Focus on tribal welfare and regional empowerment
The NPP represents the growing political importance of Northeast India in national politics.
Functions of Political Parties in a Democracy
The importance of Political Parties lies in the multiple democratic roles they perform, ranging from contesting elections to influencing policy making.
Functions of Political Parties in a Democracy | |
| Function | Role of Political Parties |
| Electoral Participation | Nominate candidates, campaign, and contest elections |
| Policy Formulation | Develop and propose political agendas and manifestos |
| Government Formation | Winning parties form governments at the Centre and States |
| Political Education | Spread awareness and mobilize public opinion |
| Representation | Represent diverse social, regional, and economic groups |
| Accountability Mechanism | Act as opposition and scrutinize the ruling government |
Regulation of Political Parties in India
Although the Constitution does not explicitly mention Political Parties, they are regulated by various statutes and the Election Commission of India (ECI). Transparency, internal democracy, and financial accountability are key concerns related to the regulation of Political Parties.
Regulation of Political Parties in India | |
| Legal Framework | Provisions Related to Political Parties |
| Representation of the People Act | Deals with registration, recognition, and disqualification of candidates |
| Election Symbols Order, 1968 | Allocation of party symbols by ECI |
| Income Tax Act, 1961 | Tax exemption for donations to political parties |
| Companies Act, 2013 (Electoral Bonds) | Permits companies to contribute to parties via electoral bonds |
Challenges Faced by Political Parties in India
Despite being essential to democratic functioning, Political Parties in India face several internal and external challenges. These issues undermine public trust and weaken democratic processes.
| Challenges Faced by Political Parties in India | |
| Challenge | Impact on Political Parties |
| Lack of Internal Democracy | Dynastic leadership, no regular elections within parties |
| Use of Money Power | Influence of black money, corporate funding, and vote-buying |
| Criminalization of Politics | Candidates with criminal records getting elected |
| Voter Distrust | Erosion of ideological consistency, leading to public apathy |
| Electoral Violence | Threats, booth capturing, and political intimidation |
Reforms Suggested for Political Parties
To strengthen democracy, several reforms in the structure and functioning of Political Parties have been recommended by committees and civil society.
Reforms Suggested for Political Parties | |
| Suggested Reform | Purpose and Explanation |
| Compulsory Internal Elections | Promote democracy within parties |
| Financial Transparency | Public disclosure of donations and audits |
| Decriminalization of Politics | Bar candidates with serious criminal cases |
| State Funding of Elections | Reduce money power and promote equality in campaigning |
| Election Commission Oversight | Empower ECI to enforce democratic norms within parties |
FAQs on Political Parties
What are Political Parties in a democracy?
Political Parties are organized groups with similar ideologies that aim to attain political power through elections.
How many national Political Parties exist in India?
There are currently 6 recognized national Political Parties in India (as of 2024).
What is the role of the Election Commission in regulating Political Parties?
The ECI registers, recognizes, allots symbols, and enforces rules for Political Parties under relevant laws.
Are Political Parties mentioned in the Indian Constitution?
No, Political Parties are not mentioned in the original Constitution but are essential to its democratic functioning.
What are the criteria for becoming a national Political Party?
Recognition in 4+ states, 6%+ votes in 4+ states, or 2% Lok Sabha seats from 3+ states.
What are the main challenges faced by Political Parties in India?
Key issues include lack of internal democracy, criminalization, money power, and voter alienation.
What reforms are suggested to improve the functioning of Political Parties?
Suggested reforms include transparency in funding, state election financing, and stricter eligibility norms.
